Crime Classification Manual Part I Chapter 4 12 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION John E. Douglas, Ann W. Burgess, Allen G. Burgess, and Robert K. Ressler, Editors In current approaches to labeling crimes as heinous, courts place heavy emphasis on actions and victimology, and lesser consideration of actions and attitudes. This reflects the paucity of evidence presented to courts to reflect on intent and attitudes. Clearly, however, both of the latter qualities distinguish crimes from one another. Moreover, courts have upheld findings that a given crime was evil when striking evidence relating to intent and attitude was available to the court. Furthermore, unless one can estimate the sequence leading to death, it is especially challenging to presume the nature of the suffering of a victim. My own review of court decisions upholding findings of heinous crimes also found that killing using instruments other than guns wa...