SERIAL KILLER MIND

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 B 8 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION Search Warrant Suggestions Search warrant suggestions include large amounts of money, clothing, electronic equipment, and so on reflective of a possible illegitimate money source; drug paraphernalia, that is, items that link the offender to the drug trade; firearms; phone records; rental contracts; address books; financial records and bank records; transaction records, computerized records, and ledgers; packing materials (packaging from drug shipments, processing, lab setups, distribution [dividing into smaller parcels for street sale]); and photos (of using, manicuring, and preparing drugs). Two case examples are given. The first illustrates a scene where all per- sons present were killed. The second case illustrates a dual drug murder.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 B 7 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   This homicide appears opportunistic, with rip-offs, territory infringements, and some discipline-motivated killings. Informant and antidrug advocate hits usually are setups that demonstrate some degree of organization and planning. Although informant use is a fundamental consideration with many investigations, the use of intelligence information is especially valuable with drug-related murder. Use of prison informants might also prove helpful with this type of homicide. Offenders may exhibit displays of wealth even though they have no legitimate source of money. They have expensive clothing, vehicles, and jewelry yet are unemployed or have a job that is inconsistent with their apparent finances.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 B 6 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   A drug screen done on the victim may help establish possible victim use and connections to the drug business. Sometimes the mode of death might be an overdose, or so-called hotshot, especially if the victim is a user. The investigator should make sure a latent print process is attempted on the body. Physical contact commonly occurs between the offender and victim of a drug murder before death.   Investigative Considerations The offender will almost always have a known association with the drug trade as a user, manufacturer, or distributor. This subject commonly will be associated with a street gang, since gangs are immersed in drug trafficking (see classification 102).

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 B 5 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION Common Forensic Findings. The weapon used is predominantly a fire- arm, often large caliber and semiautomatic. Occasionally knife wounds or blunt-force trauma will be present, but these injuries are not as prevalent. A high lethality of injury will be seen in which vital organs (chest and head) are targeted. Overkill involving multiple wounds can be seen.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 B 4 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Crime Scene Indicators Frequently Noted. Drug-related homicide often occurs in a public place if the death of the victim is intended to be a message. The body is usually not concealed but is left at the scene with a wanton indifference. Evidence such as drugs or money may be removed from the scene. The weapon used is frequently one of choice that is brought to the scene and taken from it by the offender. Drugs or drug proceeds removed from the scene or missing from an obvious or known victim trafficker are another indicator that might be apparent at the scene of a drug murder.   Staging. Staging is usually not present.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 B 3 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   The last type of victim can be anyone from the neighborhood antidrug crusader to a law enforcement officer. These victims may be social workers or clergy who are offering treatment to drug abusers and thus usurping customers of the dealers. Judges who impose stiff penalties, politicians who vigorously campaign against drugs, and witnesses testifying against drug of- fenders are other examples of this victimology. All of these victim types are individuals opposed to the drug trade and viewed as an obstruction, real or symbolic, the offender wants removed.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 B 2 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   The victim of a discipline-motivated homicide is being punished for breaking the rules of a drug distribution group by which he is employed. Examples of these infringements include skimming money or drugs, stealing customers, or in some other way hindering, obstructing, or impeding the operation. The informant supplies information on the criminal enterprise to law enforcement or competing dealers. A robbery-motivated homicide usually deals with a rip-off of drugs, money, or other goods (especially gold jewelry) related to the sale of drugs from customers, traffickers, or dealers. A drug trafficker who infringes on the territory of another drug dealer may become the victim of a drug murder. Victims of these four types of murder are commonly known to law enforcement as having a history of association with the drug trade. They may have an arrest rec

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 B 1 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION 106: DRUG MURDER Drug murder is defined as the murder of an individual where the primary cause is to remove an obstruction and facilitate the operation of the drug business.   Defining Characteristics Victimology. The victimology of drug-related homicide is dependent on the motive of the offender. The homicides are categorized into five motive groups: discipline, informant, robbery, territory infringement, and antidrug advocate.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 117 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   These discussions between Cynthia and her mother show how scrutiny of a suspect’s preoffense conversations may be helpful in establishing motive and premeditation. There was not enough evidence to bring Stella in until Cynthia decided to talk.   Outcome Stella Maudine Nickell was convicted of five counts of product tampering and two counts of causing the death of another by product tampering (the first conviction using a federal law enacted in 1983). On June 17, 1988, she was sentenced to ninety years. She will not be eligible for parole until 2018.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 116 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   According to Cynthia, her mother expressed great interest in the Tylenol murders of Chicago in 1982. Using the same plan, she could not only collect life insurance but file suit against the responsible company, Bristol-Myers (which she did), for wrongful death. She felt this was a viable alternative to get her fish store and live in the comfort she had always dreamed about.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 115 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   In the fall of 1985, Nickell took out a $40,000 life insurance policy on her husband, naming herself as sole beneficiary. Bruce Nickell also held a state employee policy that paid $31,000, with an additional $107,000 awarded in the event of an accidental death. To Nickell, $176,000 could easily make her dreams into reality. Nickell’s daughter, Cynthia, who was living with the Nickells at the time of the murder, eventually came forward and told about the conversations she had had with her mother during the five years leading to the offense. Bruce Nickell’s death was a popular topic of conversation with Stella Nickell. Cynthia testified in court that her mother had studied library books on poi- sons and experimented with toxic seeds, either hemlock or foxglove. Bruce’s only reaction was to become lethargic. When Stella learned that a recovering al

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 114 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION Investigation Stella Nickell had a restless yearning to buy the property the Nickell trailer stood on and open a tropical fish store. Her ambitions were becoming insistent. At the age of forty-four, she had an increasing awareness of the gap between her dreams and reality. To her, the gap seemed to be widening faster as each year passed. That her husband was frequently unemployed rein- forced her belief that if she did not act soon, her dreams would slip away for good. In addition, she felt her husband was not much fun since he had stopped drinking.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 113 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   After analysis of the tampered bottles, it was established that a random selection of pills had been poisoned. Some capsules contained more than three times the lethal adult dose of potassium cyanide. Others were not contaminated; Paul Webking took two capsules from the same bottle that proved fatal to Sue Snow twenty minutes later.   The exterior carton and bottle tampering was artless. The boxes were reglued in an amateur manner, exhibiting minimal sophistication on the part of the offender.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 112 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Forensic Findings The initial cause of death listed on Bruce Nickell’s death certificate was pulmonary emphysema because the coroner had failed to detect the cyanide in his body. It was not until after Snow’s death, when Stella Nickell came for- ward with the hesitant suggestion that her husband also had been the victim of a random cyanide killer, that the true cause of death was determined. At that time, tissue samples demonstrated cyanide poisoning. Sue Snow had levels of cyanide that were easily detected by medical examiners.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 111 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION Staging Sue Snow became a victim because of staging. Stella Nickell was very dis- appointed with the medical examiner’s initial decision that her husband had died from emphysema and not cyanide poisoning. Her husband’s death meant $105,000 to her in addition to the damages she expected to get from Bristol-Myers when his death was declared by poisoning. Someone else had to die to alert the authorities that a random cyanide killer was at work in King County. So Stella Nickell poisoned the three bottles of Excedrin and slipped them onto the shelves of area stores, one of which was bought by Snow. This set the scene for Nickell to approach officials with her suspicions that her husband had fallen to a cyanide murderer as well as giving her grounds to sue Bristol-Myers.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 110 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Crime Scene Indicators Five bottles of tainted Extra-Strength Excedrin came from Johnny’s Food Center in Kent, a Seattle, Washington, suburb, and a Pay ’N’ Save store in Auburn. Two contaminated containers were found in the Nickell household. Seals on the containers were cut or missing, and the boxes, which had been reglued, demonstrated obvious signs of tampering. The victims lived within five miles of each other, a factor that was significant to investigators devising the area of offender operation.  

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 109 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Victimology At the time of his death, Bruce Nickell was fifty-two. When he married Stella, he was a hard-drinking heavy-equipment operator, which suited Stella since she had a fondness for bar hopping. Nickell had recently taken stock of his life and decided to dry out by attending a rehabilitation program. Stella at- tended a few sessions with him. Before his death, Bruce was often unemployed, which had begun to get on Stella’s nerves. Sue Snow was forty years old at the time of her death. She had dropped out of high school to marry but had turned her life around through hard work. She had become the assistant vice president at a branch of the Puget Sound National Bank and was happily married to Paul Webking. They were rarely apart and “madly in love,” according to Webking. Both victims were users of the product. Nickell and Snow had neve

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 108 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   CASE STUDY: 105: PRODUCT TAMPERING Background Stella Maudine Nickell’s husband, Bruce, came home from work with a headache. After he had given his wife of ten years a kiss, he went into their kitchen and reached for a bottle of Extra-Strength Excedrin. He swallowed four capsules and sat down to watch television. Stella remembers that Bruce then decided to go for a walk out on the patio. Suddenly she heard Bruce call to her that he felt like he was going to pass out. Within the next minute, he collapsed and was unable to speak. Stella called the paramedics, and Bruce was taken to Harborview Medical Center in Seattle. He died a few hours later, never regaining consciousness. Six days later, on June 11, 1986, Sue Snow started her day by taking two Extra-Strength Excedrin capsules, as was her habit. The caffeine in the capsules was like her m

    Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 107 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Search Warrant Suggestions Search warrant suggestions for this type of crime include financial records, materials specific to the tampering (for example, tools, electronic devices, chemicals, drugs, literature pertaining to drugs, manuals), and any related products (other analgesics, empty capsules). Evidence of tampering practice and other tainted products should also be considered.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 106 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Cyanide is often the poison of choice because it is easily available at chemical and photographic supply houses and in college and high school laboratories. It can also be ordered through the mail. One ounce can kill 250 people, so its potency makes it a popular choice with product tampering offenders. An important investigative tool in cases of an offender who has used cyanide is a complex instrument in use at the Food and Drug Administration’s Cincinnati district laboratory. It can track down the source of the cyanide and identify the supplier, who can find the geographical customer list rather quickly. This may help narrow the list of typical suspects (chemical firms, grocery clerks, the enemies of deceased victims, or a store’s terminated personnel file) and further isolate the offender.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 105 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Investigative Considerations Threat assessment of offender communication may be helpful. If there is no extortion demand associated with the death and civil litigation has been initiated, the litigant should be scrutinized. The litigant’s financial status (beneficiary to insurance claims or inheritance, along with problems such as outstanding debts, for example), relationship with the victim (problems, extra- marital affairs), and preoffense and postoffense behavior should be examined. Although the primary motivation is financial gain, the offender who tar- gets a family member for death often has concurrent secondary motivations or goals that will be equally well served by the victim’s death. Avenues such as domestic problems and extramarital affairs should be explored. Because product tampering deaths are relatively rare, early allegations of

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 104 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Common Forensic Findings. Examination of the product is one of the fundamental considerations of product tampering. There may be visible signs of tampering, such as clearly discolored capsules. The type of analysis done on the product and victim will depend on the instrument of death. Suspicion of poisoning requires toxicological and chemical analysis of the product and victim to determine if products of the same lot were in- volved. Because toxicological analysis is not routine in postmortem examination, exhumation of the victim may be necessary to detect poisoning. This, along with the distribution of victims, will help decide if the source of tampering is at the retail or manufacturer level. Type of poison and consistent or varying levels of poison in each tainted product reflect the resources and sophistication of the offender. The packagi

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 103 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Staging. Staging is crucial if the offender is using the litigation strategy. The offender must make it appear as if the family member or close associate was a victim of either a random killer or a company’s faulty product. For the first set of circumstances, there could be other random victims selected to give the appearance of an indiscriminate saboteur at work. The other situation may require the death to look like an accident (for example, a defective automotive part or short-circuited power tool that causes the fatal accident). Fire started by apparently faulty wiring that burns a house down with the victim inside is another illustration of a staged product tampering. The initial impression derived from the crime scene of a staged tampering homicide ranges from violent death to a medical emergency of some kind, without any obvious indicator

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 102 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Crime Scene Indicators Frequently Noted. Multiple crime scenes usually are involved with this homicide: the site where the product is altered, the location where the product is procured by the victim, the place of use or consumption, and the death scene. The location of alteration may offer evidence of the tampering involved. If it is mechanical sabotage, tools particular to that alteration will be present. Chemicals, poisons, and medicines may be found if this type of tampering is employed. Tampered-product locations and the proximity of victims to sites will aid in deciding the scope and movement of the offender as well as origin of the product. At the death scene, the proximity of the victim to the altered product can aid the investigator in reconstructing the product’s path. In addition, communication from the offender may be found at any

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 101 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   The more specific victim is seen when the offender employs litigation for wrongful death. The victim will be a family member, or one closely associated with the offender. Random victims are observed when this type of offender wants to remove suspicion from himself or herself and stages the crime to look like the work of an indiscriminate killer.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 100 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Defining Characteristics Victimology. The victim of product tampering may be random or specific, dependent on the product’s distribution, the product’s use, and the offender strategy. Sabotaged baby food, brake lines, and soft drinks will involve a particular age group or class of people. Some sabotaged products will be distributed only on a local scale, so the victimology will be more confined. The localization of victims can also help establish whether the product is being tampered with at a retail stage or at the manufacturer’s level. Random victimology is likely to be seen with extortion or with intent to damage a competitor.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 99 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Violation of the Federal Anti-Tampering Act occurs when any product has been affected by the actions of the perpetrator. With a business attack, tainting or switching labels may happen on a retail level. Elements of this crime include the involvement of a consumer product such as a drug; the tainting of that product or the switching of product labels to make them materially false; and intent to cause serious injury to the business of a person. The extortion method also can be tied into the business manipulation approach. An example is a crime involving a protection racket, in which the taint is tied to a demand for payments under threat of closing down the store or causing grave damage to the reputation of the business.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 98 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   105: PRODUCT TAMPERING In this type of homicide, death results from contact with a commercial product, sabotaged by the offender for the purpose of achieving financial gain. There are three primary offender strategies used for achieving financial gain: litigation on behalf of the victim (wrongful death), extortion, and business operations. The last method includes damaging a competing business through sabotage of its product or manipulating the stock market as a result of negative publicity.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 97 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Outcome On February 8, 1990, Winn was convicted of extortion by mail, conspiracy to kidnap, and perjury in connection with Annie Hearin’s disappearance. The status of state charges of homicide are as yet uncertain. Annie Hearin’s body has not yet been recovered. Winn was sentenced to 235 months in prison and 5 years probation.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 96 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   A neighbor of the Hearins identified Winn from a photo lineup as the man she saw in a white van in the neighborhood a few days before the kidnapping. In addition, a superintendent for a construction crew working at a neighborhood church two blocks from the Hearin residence recalled seeing Winn looking around the neighborhood. On August 5 or 6, 1988, sometime between 6:00 A.M. and 9:00 A.M. at the Quality Inn in DeLand, Florida, Winn met with a woman and asked her to mail the letter in Annie Hearin’s handwriting. At Bishop’s Planetarium and South Museum Tampa in late August, Winn again met with this woman to pay her the initial $250 of a $500 promised payment. The rest was paid on February 18, 1989, about 7:15 A.M., again at the DeLand meeting spot. The woman had agreed to dye her hair and disguise herself as part of the deal. In a search

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 95 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   When considering the list of names on the ransom note for a possible suspect who may have had a score to settle with Robert Hearins, investigators found that N. Alfred Winn’s name was prominent. A St. Petersburg, Florida, lawyer, Winn had been involved in a court battle with School Pictures in 1983. The company had sued him, alleging that he owed them money they had advanced him. Winn countersued, alleging the company had misstated his prospects for making money when it signed him up as a franchisee. In 1983, a district judge in Jackson ordered Winn to pay the company $90,000, and in 1984 he was ordered to pay $153,883. School Pictures, having failed to collect, seized Winn’s law office. Winn was quoted as saying he had lost his life savings.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 94 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION Investigation An investigative consideration of great importance in this case was the list of franchisers on the ransom note. A suspect in a kidnapping of this sort, one that was more retaliatory than profit motivated (nonspecific demands in ransom note), would be someone who had been (in his perspective) mistreated by the victim’s husband. Careful investigation of the financial status as well as any history of problems precipitating the incident, either domestic or occupational, would be helpful in narrowing down a list of possible suspects. Another consideration that was of significance in terms of the suspect who was finally charged with Annie Hearin’s kidnapping was scrutiny of meetings and travel typical of his routine. His travels had made him familiar with Jackson.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 93 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   On August 15, Hearin received a letter dated August 10 and postmarked August 12 from Atlanta, Georgia. This letter was signed by Annie Hearin and later analyzed to be authentic. Analysis of the letter revealed that she had been directed verbally and mechanically to write it and was under great duress. The note contained the following message:   Bob- If you don’t do what these people want you to do, they are going to seal me up in the cellar of this house with only a few jugs of water. Please, save me, Annie Laurie.   Blood also was found on this note, but neither this sample nor the one found at the crime scene could be definitely linked to her.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 92 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Forensic Findings The following note was typewritten on a 1920 Vintage Royal manual type- writer: R bert Herrin Put these people back in the shape they was in before they got mixed up with School Pictures. Pay them whatever damages the y want ant tell them all this so they cank now what your doing but dont tell them why. you are doing it. Do this before ten days pass. Don’t c all police. [The twelve franchisers were then listed.] If any is dead pay his children.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 91 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Crime Scene Indicators The last person to see Annie Hearin was her maid, who left the Hearin residence around 3:30 P.M. the afternoon of July 26. Hearin had hosted a bridge game with several friends that afternoon. When her husband arrived home at 4:30 P.M., he found his wife’s car in the driveway and her shoes placed beside a living room chair. There were no signs of forced entry, and nothing was missing from the home. At 9:50 P.M., Hearin notified the police. They made a search of the area and discovered a splattering of blood, possibly from nose or lips, on the front door and door frame. A note was found in the foyer.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 90 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   “When corporations are bought and sold, you jerk people’s lives around without even knowing it,” said one Jackson businessman. This statement illustrates one of the factors that elevated Annie Hearin’s risk level as victim: the nature of her husband’s business of making decisions that could be potentially disastrous to some people. Another factor that increased Annie Hearin’s risk level is that she was a frail, seventy-two-year-old woman who was not in particularly good health. She would pose minimal resistance to the offender, making her easier to control and minimizing any commotion that would attract unwanted witnesses. Thus, Annie Hearin was an example of a victim whose low risk level became slightly heightened by offender perception.  

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 89 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Robert Hearin was a self-made millionaire who controlled an empire consisting of Mississippi’s largest gas distribution company, its second largest bank, and the second largest insurance company. Hearin also had run School Pictures, the photo-processing operation that had employed the twelve men named on the ransom note as franchisers.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 88 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Victimology Annie Hearin was seventy-two-years old at the time of her abduction and had been married to Robert for forty-nine years. She was an active part of the Jackson community, patronizing the Jackson symphony and opera. She had held executive positions in the Opera Guild and Junior League and had cochaired the Mississippi Arts Festival. The Hearins had a reputation for being a civic-minded, unpretentious couple who had funded local colleges and universities in addition to con- tributing to the Jackson art museum. They lived in a posh neighborhood, but their brick home was not considered lavish by Jackson standards.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 87 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   CASE STUDY: 104: KIDNAP MURDER Background At 9:50 P.M. on July 26, 1988, the Jackson Police Department, Jackson, Mis- sissippi, received a phone call from Robert Hearin. His wife, Annie, was missing. Hearin had arrived home late that afternoon to an empty house and had become increasingly alarmed after calling friends in an attempt to locate his wife. A search of the area by police produced a ransom note that had been left in the foyer. The note demanded that Hearin pay twelve people who had fought legal battles with School Pictures of Mississippi, which he owned.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 86 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Search Warrant Suggestions Search warrant suggestions include communication records such as tele- phone records. In addition, pictures of the victim, audio or video recordings of the victim, and diaries, journals, and travel-related data such as airplane tickets should be considered.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 85 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   The offender’s preoffense surveillance, efforts to trace the victim’s movement, and routine may help produce witnesses who observed strangers or suspicious persons in the victim’s neighborhood or other locations that were part of their routine. Analysis of the offender and victim communication using threat assessment may prove advantageous. Threat assessment is the process of determining validity and potential source of threats received by individuals, groups, or companies. If the threat is determined to be real, countermeasures are developed to protect the potential victim. The analysis of threat communication, based on the psychology and psychodynamics of the threat, may denote personality traits of the suspect. Preoffense publicity of the victim or other types of victim visibility may provide leads to victim select and targeting.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 84 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   Investigative Considerations Items that should be scrutinized when dealing with a kidnap murder are tele- phone and financial records. Prior employees should be considered. The possibility that multiple offenders were involved also should be kept in mind. A telephone trap and trace is usually indicated.

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 52 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION   The type of homicide perpetrated by street gangs is reflecting their emergence as more organized criminal operants. Some gangs are functioning as contract killers. The largest percentage of gang killings are motivated by drugs, with territory disputes and retaliatory killings the second and third most common motives. One other motive for gang homicide is the intermingling of a female from one gang or territory with the male of another. Although many studies note the average gang is composed of males be- tween the ages of twelve and twenty-one who reside in poor, central areas of cities with populations of more than 200,000, girl membership in gangs has been increasing. Surveys of gangs in large cities indicate a wide variance in ethnicity, including African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and Caucasians.  

  Crime Classification Manual Part II Chapter 6 83 A STANDARD SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATING AND CLASSIFYING VIOLENT CRIMES SECOND EDITION Staging. No staging is present.   Common Forensic Findings. Analysis of the ransom note or recording and victim communication are the prime pieces of forensic evidence. Technical enhancement of recordings should be used to amplify background noise and recording techniques. This information may assist in locating where the re- cording was made. The method of communication (computer, paper, tape, writing) should be analyzed. The authenticity of both offender and victim communication should be established. Gunshot wounds are often noted that are contact or near contact to the head and other vital areas.